Physical Examination - see for the following physical characteristics;

• Volume
• Color
• Appearance
• Sediment formation- allow the urine to stand for some times and see at the bottom for sediment formation
• Odor
• Reaction and ph– place a drop of urine on a blue litmus paper and not down the reaction( Red colour/ no colour change)
• Specific gravity- 1)Fill the container ¾ full of urine, 2) Float the urinometer in the urine & rotate it carefully and note the specific gravity reading from the scale

Chemical Examination By Multistix Reagent Strips

• Take fresh, well mixed and uncentrifuged urine.
• Dip the test areas of the strip in the urine.
• Remove excess of the urine by tapping the edge of the strip against the container.
• Compare the test areas closely with corresponding colour charts on the bottle at the time specified (60 Sec) in good light.
• Note the result.

Chemical Examination by Manual method Protein(Heat test):

• Take 10ml of urine in a test tube
• Boil the upper portion of the urine
• If turbidity develops, add 2 drops of glacial acetic acid if the turbidity is due to phosphate,it will be cleared
• Reboil the specimen.

Interpretation

• No Turbidity- Protein absent
• Presence of turbidity-Protein is present
• Grade the result according to the degree of Turbididy as +, ++, +++, ++++ .

Glucose(Benedict’s qualitative Test)

• Pipette out 5ml of Benedict’s reagent in a test tube.
• Add 8 drops of urine
• Heat on the flame till boiling
• Cool under tap water

Interpretation

Ketones (Rothera’s test)

• Take 5ml of urine in a test tube
• Add 1gm of Rothera’s powder mixture and mix well.
• Layer 2ml of conc. ammonium hydroxide on urine gently by allowing it to flow down the side of the inclined test tube.
• Observe for pink-purple ring at the interface.

Interpretation:

• No Purple ring:-Ketones bodies Absent
• Appearance of Purple Ring:-Ketones bodies present

Bile salts (Hay’s sulfur flower test)

• Take about 10 ml urine in a beaker.
• Sprinkle dry sulfur powder on the surface of urine.
• Observe the sulfurs particles, whether it sinks to bottom or it remains floating on the surface

Interpretation

• Sulfur particle sink to the bottom:-Bile salts present.
• Sulfur particle remain floating:- Bile salts absent.

Bile pigments and Urobilinogen

• Take 3-4 ml urine in centrifuged test tube by pipette.
• Add equal amount of 10gm/dl barium chloride, mix well.
• Centrifuge at 1,500 RPM for 10 minutes (Or filter by using Whatman no. 1 filter paper.)
• Place supernatant in another test tube for urobilinogen test.
• Add 1-2 drops of Fouchet’s reagent to the sediment (or to the precipitate on a filter paper).
• Add about .5 ml of Ehrlich reagent to the supernatant.

Interpretation

• Sediment: - No colour change- Bile pigments absent
• Colour change to green- Bile pigments present.
• Supernatant: -Pale pink colour- Urobilinogen present- normal.

Cherry red colour-Urobilinogen present- increase

Benzidine test

• Make saturated solution of benzidine in glacial acetic acid.
• Mix 1 ml of this solution with 1 ml of hydrogen peroxide in a test tube.
• Add 2 ml of urine.
• If green or blue color develops within 5 minutes, the test is positive for blood in urine.

Processimg for Microscopic Examination

• Mixed the urine & pour into a test tubes.
• Centrifuge it for 5 mins at 2500 RPM.
• Discard the supernatant completely & resuspend the depositby shaking the tubes.
• Place 1 drop of depositon glass slide &cover it with cover slip.
• Mark the slide with identificationnumber&observeit 1stunder low power in subdued light (partially closing iris diaphragm & condenser is downward.
• Note the contents of various fields.