2025

1. Fluidic Model of Cell membrane
2. Type and Example of Transport mechanism
3. Amphibolic role of TCA cycle
4. Chemi-osmotic hypothesis
5. Electro-transport Chain
6. Blood Buffers
7. Renal mechanism for Acid Base balance
8. Defination & Interpretation of Anion Gap
9. Cause and Interpretation of Metabolic and Respiratory acid-base alteration By arterial blood gas analysis
10. Principle, Type and utility of Electrophoresis.
11. Principle, Type and utility of ELISA.
12. Principle and utility of Colorimeter
13. Biochemical changes in Liver, Adipose tissue and muscle in fasting.
14. Biochemical changes in Liver, Adipose tissue and muscle in well fed state.

Carbohydrate

1. Mucopolysaccharide (Glycosamino glycans)
2. Digestion & absorption of Carbohydrate
3. Lactose intolerance
4. Energy production of Glycolysis
5. Von Gierke’s Disease
6. Regulation of Gluconeogenesis
7. Significant of HMP Shunt pathway
8. Significant of NADPH
9. Role of Glutathione & NADPH for maintain RBC membrane
10. Effect of Alcoholism on gluconeogenesis as well as on beta oxidation of fatty acid.
11. Polyol pathway and it’s significant
12. Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
13. Metabolic alteration in Diabetes Mellitus
14. Acute and Chronic complication of Diabetes Mellitus
15. Biochemical explanation of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
16. Define and significant of Glycated (HbA1c) haemoglobin
17. Advance Glycated End product

Lipid

1. Lipid digestion –absorption.
2. Rancidity of Fatty acid
3. Liposome & Micelle
4. Digestion and absorption of lipid
5. Function of Phospholipids
6. Role of phospholipid in signal transmission
7. Eicosanoids
8. Formation of eicosanoids and explain its inhibitor with significance.
9. Significant and Regulation of Cholesterol.
10. Risk factor for Atherosclerosis
11. Type and Function Lipoproteins
12. Type and function of Apo- lipoproteins
13. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in context of Oxidized LDL
14. Cause of Fatty liver
15. Name the Lipotrophic Factor. Explain it’s effect.
16. Type and differentiation of Oxidation of Fatty acid.
17. Beta Oxidation of Long Chain Saturated fatty acid.
18. Energy production of saturated even chain fatty acid
19. Carnitine shuttle
20. Metabolism of HDL
21. Metabolism of LDL
22. Protein and Amino acid
23. Name and defination of Essential & Semi-essential Amino acid
24. Zwitter ion
25. Type of Structure of Protein
26. Exaplain Protein Primary Structural –functional relationship with Example of Insulin & Haemoglobin.
27. Define Chaperon & Prion protein.
28. Define Protein Denaturation. Give It’s significant & causative factor.
29. Digestion & Absorption of Protein
30. Fates of Tyrosine & Phenlyalanine & it’s related disorder.
31. Biochemical explanation of Phenylketonuria.
32. Biochemical explanation of Albinism & Alkaptonuria.
33. Fates of Tryptophan & it’s related disorder.
34. Functional classification of protein.
35. Role of 2-3 BPG on oxygen diffusion-dissociation and effect during hypoxia
36. Molecular and Biochemical explanation for pathogenesis of Sickle cell disease
37. Molecular and Biochemical bases of Thalassemia.
38. Define and explain cause & effect of Met-haemoglobinemia
39. Define Porphyria. Explain Causes, Clinical Feature and diagnosis of Acute intermittent
40. Porphyria and Congenital erythropoietic porphyria.
41. Developmental changes in Hemoglobin gene expression from intrauterine life to adult.
42. Mechanism of the Bohr effect
43. Peripheral detoxification of Ammonia (Nitrogen disposal) through GDH and Alpha ketoglutarate
44. Transport and Detoxification of Ammonia
45. Haemoglobin degradation (Billirubin formation) and explain it's related disorder.
46. Type of Congenital Jaundice
47. Types , Causes and differentiation by serum and urine examination of Jaundice.

Enzyme

1. Define Co-Enzyme & Co-Factor. Give Example.
2. Diagnostic importance of isoenzyme
3. Enumerate Liver Function Test & Write it’s significant.
4. Enumerate Cardiac Function Test & Write it’s significant.
5. Write and Explain Factor affecting enzyme activity with example.
6. Type of Enzyme Inhibition. Explain with example.
7. Difference between Competitive inhibition and Non- Competitive inhibition.
8. Explain Difference in Function of Glucokinase and Hexokinase on bases of it’s Vmax and Km.

Nutrition & Vitamin

1. Assessment of obesity.
2. Difference between Kwashiorkor & Murasmus
3. Factor affecting Basal Metabolic Rate
4. Clinical significance of Dietary fibre
5. Metabolism, Function and Clinical significance of Vitamin D
6. Folate trap
7. Mucosal block theory of iron absorption.
8. Function of Vitamin B12.
9. Effect of Warfarin & Dicoumarol on Vitamin K metabolism

Molecular

1. Type and Watson & Crick Model of DNA
2. Molecular basis of Sickle cell anaemia.
3. Name & role of the component of the DNA replication fork
4. DNA repair mechanism.
5. Define Telomer & Telomerase. It’s significant
6. t-RNA.
7. Degeneracy & wobbling phenomena
8. Effect and Type of Mutation with example.
9. Initiation of Transcription
10. Post-transcription modification.
11. Post translation modification.
12. Genetic codon
13. Lac operon
14. Procedure & Significant of PCR
15. Significant of RFLP in diagnosis of Sickle cell disease
16. Microarray
17. Salvage pathway of Purine synthesis
18. Lysch Nyhan Syndrome
19. Primary & Secondary cause of Hyperuricemia (Gout)