2025 Fluidic Model of Cell membrane Type and Example of Transport mechanism Amphibolic role of TCA cycle Chemi-osmotic hypothesis Electro-transport Chain

• Blood Buffers
• Renal mechanism for Acid Base balance
• Defination & Interpretation of Anion Gap
• Cause and Interpretation of Metabolic and Respiratory acid-base alteration By arterial blood
• gas analysis
• Principle, Type and utility of Electrophoresis.
• 11. Principle, Type and utility of ELISA.

12. Principle and utility of Colorimeter 13. Biochemical changes in Liver, Adipose tissue and muscle in fasting. 14. Biochemical changes in Liver, Adipose tissue and muscle in well fed state. Carbohydrate 15. Mucopolysaccharide (Glycosamino glycans) 16. Digestion & absorption of Carbohydrate 17. Lactose intolerance 18. Energy production of Glycolysis 19. Von Gierke’s Disease 20. Regulation of Gluconeogenesis 21. Significant of HMP Shunt pathway 22. Significant of NADPH 23. Role of Glutathione & NADPH for maintain RBC membrane 24. Effect of Alcoholism on gluconeogenesis as well as on beta oxidation of fatty acid. 25. Polyol pathway and it’s significant 26. Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus 27. Metabolic alteration in Diabetes Mellitus 28. Acute and Chronic complication of Diabetes Mellitus 29. Biochemical explanation of Diabetic Ketoacidosis 30. Define and significant of Glycated (HbA1c) haemoglobin 31. Advance Glycated End product Lipid 32. Lipid digestion –absorption. 33. Rancidity of Fatty acid 34. Liposome & Micelle 35. Digestion and absorption of lipid 36. Function of Phospholipids 37. Role of phospholipid in signal transmission 38. Eicosanoids 39. Formation of eicosanoids and explain its inhibitor with significance. 40. Significant and Regulation of Cholesterol. 41. Risk factor for Atherosclerosis 42. Type and Function Lipoproteins 43. Type and function of Apo- lipoproteins 44. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in context of Oxidized LDL 45. Cause of Fatty liver 46. Name the Lipotrophic Factor. Explain it’s effect. 47. Type and differentiation of Oxidation of Fatty acid. 48. Beta Oxidation of Long Chain Saturated fatty acid. 49. Energy production of saturated even chain fatty acid 50. Carnitine shuttle 51. Metabolism of HDL 52. Metabolism of LDL Protein and Amino acid 53. Name and defination of Essential & Semi-essential Amino acid 54. Zwitter ion 55. Type of Structure of Protein 56. Exaplain Protein Primary Structural –functional relationship with Example of Insulin & Haemoglobin. 57. Define Chaperon & Prion protein. 58. Define Protein Denaturation. Give It’s significant & causative factor. 59. Digestion & Absorption of Protein 60. Fates of Tyrosine & Phenlyalanine & it’s related disorder. 61. Biochemical explanation of Phenylketonuria. 62. Biochemical explanation of Albinism & Alkaptonuria. 63. Fates of Tryptophan & it’s related disorder. 64. Functional classification of protein. 65. Role of 2-3 BPG on oxygen diffusion-dissociation and effect during hypoxia 66. Molecular and Biochemical explanation for pathogenesis of Sickle cell disease 67. Molecular and Biochemical bases of Thalassemia. 68. Define and explain cause & effect of Met-haemoglobinemia 69. Define Porphyria. Explain Causes, Clinical Feature and diagnosis of Acute intermittent porphyria and Congenital erythropoietic porphyria. 70. Developmental changes in Hemoglobin gene expression from intrauterine life to adult. 71. Mechanism of the Bohr effect 72. Peripheral detoxification of Ammonia (Nitrogen disposal) through GDH and Alpha ketoglutarate 73. Transport and Detoxification of Ammonia 74. Haemoglobin degradation (Billirubin formation) and explain it's related disorder. 75. Type of Congenital Jaundice 76. Types , Causes and differentiation by serum and urine examination of Jaundice. Enzyme 77. Define Co-Enzyme & Co-Factor. Give Example. 78. Diagnostic importance of isoenzyme 79. Enumerate Liver Function Test & Write it’s significant. 80. Enumerate Cardiac Function Test & Write it’s significant. 81. Write and Explain Factor affecting enzyme activity with example. 82. Type of Enzyme Inhibition. Explain with example. 83. Difference between Competitive inhibition and Non- Competitive inhibition. 84. Explain Difference in Function of Glucokinase and Hexokinase on bases of it’s Vmax and Km. Nutrition & Vitamin 85. Assessment of obesity. 86. Difference between Kwashiorkor & Murasmus 87. Factor affecting Basal Metabolic Rate 88. Clinical significance of Dietary fibre 89. Metabolism, Function and Clinical significance of Vitamin D 90. Folate trap 91. Mucosal block theory of iron absorption. 92. Function of Vitamin B12. 93. Effect of Warfarin & Dicoumarol on Vitamin K metabolism Molecular 94. Type and Watson & Crick Model of DNA 95. Molecular basis of Sickle cell anaemia. 96. Name & role of the component of the DNA replication fork 97. DNA repair mechanism. 98. Define Telomer & Telomerase. It’s significant 99. t-RNA. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. Degeneracy & wobbling phenomena Effect and Type of Mutation with example. Initiation of Transcription Post-transcription modification. Post translation modification. Genetic codon Lac operon Procedure & Significant of PCR Significant of RFLP in diagnosis of Sickle cell disease Microarray Salvage pathway of Purine synthesis Lysch Nyhan Syndrome Primary & Secondary cause of Hyperuricemia (Gout)^